Evaluación de la población del pez espada (Xiphias gladius) en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO), durante el periodo de 1950 a 2020
Keywords:
pez espada, Xiphias gladius, capacidad de carga, máximo rendimiento sostenidoAbstract
La pesquería del pez espada (Xiphias gladius) tiene una gran importancia socioeconómica en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO). Sin embargo, el esfuerzo excesivo puede superar los limites del Rendimiento Máximo Sostenible (MRS), lo que conlleva la sobreexplotación y genera efectos negativos a la población. En este estudio, se analizan los datos de captura del pez espada (X. gladius) para obtener indicadores de referencia como la capacidad de carga, el rendimiento máximo sostenible y el estado de la población. La captura promedio en el OPO entre 1950 y 2020, según los informes de desembarques de ocho países, fue de 3162 t, con una mediana de 2030 t. Los valores entre los porcentiles 15 y 85 oscilaron entre 115 y 7708 t, y la captura máxima registrada fue de 15409 t en 2018. Las capturas anuales en relación con la captura máxima indican que, durante el periodo 2019-2020, la pesquería sufrió sobrepesca. Las capturas en el OPO, según la suma de posibilidades, se sitúan alrededor de la tendencia central del 50%, aproximadamente en 12500 t. Utilizando modelos de producción excedente y considerando la factibilidad de ajuste de los datos de captura únicamente, se analizó el periodo 1979-2020, obteniéndose una captura media de 5204, con un rango de 299 a 15049 t. Una aproximación siguiere en RMS entre 15268 y 15770 t. Según el gráfico de Kobe, los últimos tres años de la serie muestran niveles de sobrepesca (F>FMRS), y solo en 2019 la pesquería presentó condiciones que indicaban sobrepesca del stock (B<BMRS), con valores de biomasa ligeramente inferiores a BMRS. En 2020, los niveles de biomasa fueron similares a los observados en el inicio de la serie temporal analizada. Este resultado se mantiene constante cuando se consideran las capturas dentro de los niveles comprendidos entre los porcentiles del 15 y 85%.
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