Desafíos y saberes locales: prácticas tradicionales y amenazas al cultivo del frijol en la costa de Guerrero
Keywords:
Guerrero, Frijol común, Prácticas culturales, Saberes locales, Seguridad alimentariaAbstract
La producción de alimentos en comunidades rurales enfrenta múltiples desafíos derivados de factores sociales, económicos y ambientales que afectan la seguridad alimentaria y la conservación de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las prácticas de manejo, así como las amenazas que ponen en riego el cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en la costa de Guerrero. Durante 2022 - 2023, se realizaron colectas de semillas y se aplicaron entrevistas en mercados locales (n=30) y directamente con los agricultores (n=19), con el fin de conocer las prácticas agrícolas asociadas al cultivo. Encontramos 12 variedades de frijol, de las cuales siete se comercializan en los mercados. La mayoría de los productores son hombres adultos, siendo mínimo el papel de la mujer. Los productores muestran conocimiento de las variedades y su ambiente, lo cual se refleja en saberes relacionados con la época de siembra, de cosecha, identificación de plagas y enfermedades, formas de mantenimiento y adquisición de semillas, formas de cultivo y selección del grano. Estos saberes fortalecen la identidad cultural y la seguridad alimentaria, además de promover la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad local. Sin embargo, se identifican algunas debilidades que podrían poner en riesgo los procesos adaptativos de las variedades locales y, por lo tanto, la resiliencia del cultivo en la región, tales como el debilitamiento del relevo generacional, la siembra en monocultivo, el uso excesivo de agroquímicos y la potencial introducción de variedades nuevas no adaptadas localmente. El cultivo de frijol en la costa de Guerrero representa una actividad clave para la seguridad alimentaria y la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad local, sustentada en los conocimientos tradicionales de los productores. No obstante, se identifican factores que amenazan estos sistemas productivos. Reconocer y fortalecer las prácticas locales es fundamental para preservar tanto la diversidad biológica
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