Revisión de los métodos de remediación de suelos agrícolas y forestales afectados por metales y metaloides tóxicos
Palabras clave:
metales, metaloides tóxicos, remediación, métodos físicos, métodos químicos, métodos biológicosResumen
La contaminación de los suelos agrícolas y forestales se ha convertido en un problema mundial que ha llamado la atención de la población de manera considerable debido a la acumulación excesiva de contaminantes persistentes como metales y metaloides tóxicos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar cuáles son los métodos utilizados para la remediación de suelos afectados con metales y metaloides tóxicos a través de la revisión de literatura especializada. El estudio es cualitativo, basado en elanálisis de contenido. Se revisaron 103 artículos publicados entre 1990 y 2023. Los resultados muestran que los métodos más utilizados para remover o inmovilizar los metales y metaloides tóxicos en suelos han sido clasificados de acuerdo con el propósito, las medidas de mitigación, el control de fuentes y la contención de contaminantes. Aunque todos los métodos publicados tienen como objetivo evitar la degradación del ecosistema y el progreso de contaminantes a las cadenas tróficas, es importante separarlos de acuerdo con las técnicas que se utilizan, ya que pueden utilizar agentes físicos, sustancias químicas, microorganismos o plantas. Los métodos para la remediación de suelos afectados con metales y metaloides tóxicos revisados en este documento se clasifican de acuerdo a su naturaleza en tres grupos: métodos físicos, métodos químicos y métodos biológicos.
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