Appointment management

From the manual How to Cite: A Manual of Academic Writing for Reported Speech (Cisneros-Estupiñán, M., Olave-Arias, G., & de la Cruz-Hernández, I. (2020). Cómo citar-1ra edición: Manual de escritura académica del discurso referido. Ecoe Ediciones.), the following examples of citations presented by the authors are extracted, classified according to their function, type, or the problem they illustrate:

Examples of citations according to rhetorical or discursive function:

Attribution

“In this text, we consider the differentiation of the intended audience to be crucial in scientific writing. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1989) have also emphasized this role of the audience in the construction of arguments.”

Also:

“Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1989) emphasize the role of the audience in the construction of arguments. In this sense, we consider the differentiation of the intended audience to be crucial in scientific writing.”

Example

“Contemporary ethologists are no longer exclusively concerned with innate violence. For example, Frans de Waal (2004; 2010; 2019) has dedicated himself to analyzing empathy as a ‘phylogenetic trait of primates’.” (2019, p. 56)

Expansion

“Cognitive semantics is based on the idea of ​​prototypicality, stemming from work in psychology in the 1960s. Its treatment has been extensive (see, especially, Kleiber, 1995) and definitive for the advancement of cognitive linguistics.”

Contrast

“A review of urban practices in the current century shows that so-called ‘tactical urbanism’ (Steffens, 2014) and ‘participatory urbanism’ (Hernández, 2016) coincide in their use of crowdsourcing processes (Braham, 2013)…”

Gap

“Traditionally, research on depression in adolescents has focused on the diagnosis and treatment of risk factors… However, to address these risk factors, it is also necessary to study protective factors.”

Mitigation

“The correlation between heart disease and urban living conditions has not been definitively established by most authors (Pérez, 1985; Sánchez, 2000; Jordan et al., 2011, among others), but it is suggested by the results of this research.”

Discussion

“Through a mixed-methods approach, this study has demonstrated that determining professional perceptions through surveys (Caro, 2012; Pérez, 1996; Zuleta, 2018) is questionable and insufficient…”

Controversy

“Provocatively, Ramírez Vidal (1998, p. 45) avoids the historical question of the sophist's identity by asserting that ‘Antiphon, as an orator, wears a mask; as a sophist, he removes it.’”

Examples of citations according to type or format:

Direct quotation (integrated, less than 40 words)

“In interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that ‘therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated the parents’ negativity toward the adolescent and failed to respond adequately to the adolescent’s needs or concerns’ (p. 541), contributing to a climate of absolute negativity.”

Direct quotation (more than 40 words, block quote)

“It is clear that digital media, particularly social networks, have modified the way in which interpersonal interaction and the expression of individual identity occur. Interaction on social networks has four basic characteristics: persistence, simultaneity, linkability, and the fact that the internal narrative is public. (Corredor, 2011, p. 47)”

Indirect quotation (paraphrase)

“More specifically, the argumentation in prescribed and edited curricula was addressed by Calderón (2011) from a historical perspective, revealing the ambiguity of ideas on the subject…”

Quotation with omission (use of ellipses)

> “In itself, Foucault states: ‘And all these, as you see, are conditions […] that do not concern the subject in its being: they only concern the individual in its concrete existence and not the structure of the subject as such.’ (Foucault, 2011b, p. 37)

Interpolated quotation (using brackets)

“So, the Social Sciences are sciences of discussion, since the interpretation they make of social contexts… develops through the reasoned confrontation of knowledge…” (Olave, 2018, p. 103)

Quotation with added emphasis

“In contrast to the scientist’s aggressively intellectual stance, ‘the migrants decided to leave their places of origin without calculating the consequences’ (Álvarez, 2018, p. 34) [italics added].”

Quotation within a quotation

“As Marinkovich (2002, p. 221, cited in Di Stefano and Pereira, 2007, p. 418) points out, ‘some gaps remain to be filled, such as the linguistic or rather discursive aspect…’”

Examples of problematic quotations (common errors):

Incohesive quotation

“‘The place of El gallo de oro in Rufiana’s artistic production is better understood if one grasps that the novel testifies to the author’s profound interest in the seventh art’ (Weatherford, 2016, p. 104). A sector of criticism has insisted on evaluating a text as a work